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Google Keyword Rankings for : what is the difference between massive retaliation and flexible response
1
Flexible Response | warfare - Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Flexible-Response
Flexible Response, also called Flexible Deterrent Options (FDO), U.S. defense strategy in which a wide range of diplomatic, political, economic, ...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Flexible-Response
Flexible Response, also called Flexible Deterrent Options (FDO), U.S. defense strategy in which a wide range of diplomatic, political, economic, ...
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2
A STRATEGY OF FLEXIBLE RESPONSE - DTIC
https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA511036.pdf
Obviously, Flexible Response when contrasted with Massive Retaliation is both a more expensive strategic doctrine and, at least philosophically, suggests a ...
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https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA511036.pdf
Obviously, Flexible Response when contrasted with Massive Retaliation is both a more expensive strategic doctrine and, at least philosophically, suggests a ...
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3
JFK and Flexible Response
https://web-clear.unt.edu/course_projects/HIST2610/content/08_Unit_Eight/25_lesson_twenty-five/10_jfk_flex_resp.htm
John F. Kennedy entered the White House wanting to create an alternative to Eisenhower's policy of Massive Retaliation. Kennedy believed Eisenhower's ...
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https://web-clear.unt.edu/course_projects/HIST2610/content/08_Unit_Eight/25_lesson_twenty-five/10_jfk_flex_resp.htm
John F. Kennedy entered the White House wanting to create an alternative to Eisenhower's policy of Massive Retaliation. Kennedy believed Eisenhower's ...
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4
What is Flexible Response? - Video & Lesson Transcript
https://study.com/academy/lesson/flexible-response-definition-policy.html
It served as a rejection of Eisenhower's massive retaliation policy, including its reliance on nuclear weapons. The policy also allowed the U.S ...
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https://study.com/academy/lesson/flexible-response-definition-policy.html
It served as a rejection of Eisenhower's massive retaliation policy, including its reliance on nuclear weapons. The policy also allowed the U.S ...
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5
Flexible Response - Encyclopedia.com
https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/flexible-response
Early theorists of nuclear strategy, like Bernard Brodie and William Kaufmann, rejecting massive retaliation except as an instrument of last resort, embraced ...
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/flexible-response
Early theorists of nuclear strategy, like Bernard Brodie and William Kaufmann, rejecting massive retaliation except as an instrument of last resort, embraced ...
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6
The Myth of Flexible Response: United States Strategy in ...
https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/CMC50/FrancisGavinTheMythOfFlexibleResponseUnitedStatesStrategyInEuropeDuringThe1960sInternationalHistoryReview.pdf
nedy administration began to replace Dwight D. Eisenhower's 'massive retaliation' with a new military strategy of 'flexible response'. The strategy,.
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https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/CMC50/FrancisGavinTheMythOfFlexibleResponseUnitedStatesStrategyInEuropeDuringThe1960sInternationalHistoryReview.pdf
nedy administration began to replace Dwight D. Eisenhower's 'massive retaliation' with a new military strategy of 'flexible response'. The strategy,.
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7
Deterrence Theory, Massive Retaliation, Flexible Response ...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eopQIzm5eS4
All About Defense
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eopQIzm5eS4
All About Defense
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8
Nuclear Deterrence - Atomic Archive
https://www.atomicarchive.com/history/cold-war/page-15.html
For a time after World War II, America held the upper hand with regards to nuclear superiority. It used this threat of "massive retaliation" as a means to ...
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https://www.atomicarchive.com/history/cold-war/page-15.html
For a time after World War II, America held the upper hand with regards to nuclear superiority. It used this threat of "massive retaliation" as a means to ...
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9
Deterrence - Massive retaliation questioned
https://www.americanforeignrelations.com/A-D/Deterrence-Massive-retaliation-questioned.html
Since Buzzard's call for "graduated deterrence" in 1956, Eisenhower's political opponents had adopted the strategy under a revised name: flexible response.
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https://www.americanforeignrelations.com/A-D/Deterrence-Massive-retaliation-questioned.html
Since Buzzard's call for "graduated deterrence" in 1956, Eisenhower's political opponents had adopted the strategy under a revised name: flexible response.
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10
The Strategic Implications of "Flexible Response" - JSTOR
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2950693
and Flexible Response,"Journal ofPeace Research 4 (November 1992); and Frank C. Zagare and D. Marc. Kilgour, "Modeling 'Massive Retaliation,"' Conflict ...
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https://www.jstor.org/stable/2950693
and Flexible Response,"Journal ofPeace Research 4 (November 1992); and Frank C. Zagare and D. Marc. Kilgour, "Modeling 'Massive Retaliation,"' Conflict ...
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11
Back to the future: Is 'integrated deterrence' the new 'flexible ...
https://www.australiachinarelations.org/content/back-future-%E2%80%98integrated-deterrence%E2%80%99-new-%E2%80%98flexible-response%E2%80%99
Flexible response was born during a febrile strategic context similar to today. It was partly defined by fears of a 'missile gap' with the ...
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https://www.australiachinarelations.org/content/back-future-%E2%80%98integrated-deterrence%E2%80%99-new-%E2%80%98flexible-response%E2%80%99
Flexible response was born during a febrile strategic context similar to today. It was partly defined by fears of a 'missile gap' with the ...
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12
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) - GlobalSecurity.org
https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/1986/LLE.htm
Because of WP improvements in forces and weapons systems, particularly nuclear weapons, massive retaliation gave way to the strategy of flexible response.
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https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/1986/LLE.htm
Because of WP improvements in forces and weapons systems, particularly nuclear weapons, massive retaliation gave way to the strategy of flexible response.
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13
Deterrence, Nuclear Strategy, and the Post-Attack Environment
https://www.archives.gov/files/2011-016-doc01.pdf
use of strategic and nuclear forces. The shift from massive retaliation to a strategy of flexible response imposes more stringent demands on the command.
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https://www.archives.gov/files/2011-016-doc01.pdf
use of strategic and nuclear forces. The shift from massive retaliation to a strategy of flexible response imposes more stringent demands on the command.
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14
Flexible Response and Integrated Deterrence at Sea in the ...
https://www.militarystrategymagazine.com/article/flexible-response-and-integrated-deterrence-at-sea-in-the-21st-century-implications-for-the-u-s-navy/
Flexible Response appeared as a backlash to the Eisenhower administration's doctrine of Massive Retaliation. Some argued that this doctrine reduced ...
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https://www.militarystrategymagazine.com/article/flexible-response-and-integrated-deterrence-at-sea-in-the-21st-century-implications-for-the-u-s-navy/
Flexible Response appeared as a backlash to the Eisenhower administration's doctrine of Massive Retaliation. Some argued that this doctrine reduced ...
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15
The Strategic Implications of “Flexible Response” | World Politics
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/assessing-competing-defense-postures-the-strategic-implications-of-flexible-response/1C8D8E0160270E617FFFC8E39C179DBB
Escalation represents a choice that both players believe is qualitatively different from other available responses. Thus the model applies to any situation in ...
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https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/assessing-competing-defense-postures-the-strategic-implications-of-flexible-response/1C8D8E0160270E617FFFC8E39C179DBB
Escalation represents a choice that both players believe is qualitatively different from other available responses. Thus the model applies to any situation in ...
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16
Some Nuclear War Terms and Definitions
https://courses.physics.illinois.edu/phys280/sp2019/archive/nuclear-policy-terms.html
International War: Large-scale armed conflict between the military forces of two ... Massive Retaliation: The 1954–1962 U.S. policy of responding to even a ...
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https://courses.physics.illinois.edu/phys280/sp2019/archive/nuclear-policy-terms.html
International War: Large-scale armed conflict between the military forces of two ... Massive Retaliation: The 1954–1962 U.S. policy of responding to even a ...
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17
A Conventional Flexible Response Strategy for the Western ...
https://www.jhuapl.edu/Content/documents/AConventionalFlexibleResponseStrategyfortheWesternPacific.pdf
States and China lack such fundamental differences ... of massive retaliation to one of flexible response.34. Although the threat of a nuclear strike was ...
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https://www.jhuapl.edu/Content/documents/AConventionalFlexibleResponseStrategyfortheWesternPacific.pdf
States and China lack such fundamental differences ... of massive retaliation to one of flexible response.34. Although the threat of a nuclear strike was ...
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18
A short history of NATO
https://www.nato.int/cps/eb/natohq/139339.htm
During this time, NATO adopted the strategic doctrine of "Massive Retaliation” – if the Soviet Union attacked, NATO would respond with nuclear weapons. The ...
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https://www.nato.int/cps/eb/natohq/139339.htm
During this time, NATO adopted the strategic doctrine of "Massive Retaliation” – if the Soviet Union attacked, NATO would respond with nuclear weapons. The ...
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19
At The Brink; Interview with Robert McNamara, 1986 [2]
https://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_82317190244B46168DFDFB0314E8E7B8
... he rejected the doctrine of "massive retaliation" in favor of "flexible response" in ... But the difference between first use and first-strike is that, ...
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https://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_82317190244B46168DFDFB0314E8E7B8
... he rejected the doctrine of "massive retaliation" in favor of "flexible response" in ... But the difference between first use and first-strike is that, ...
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20
NATO's Nuclear Weapons: The Rationale for 'No First Use'
https://www.armscontrol.org/act/1999-07/features/natos-nuclear-weapons-rationale-first-use
... the alliance adopted a new nuclear strategy in MC 14/3 known as "flexible response." NATO formally abandoned the strategy of massive retaliation (which ...
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https://www.armscontrol.org/act/1999-07/features/natos-nuclear-weapons-rationale-first-use
... the alliance adopted a new nuclear strategy in MC 14/3 known as "flexible response." NATO formally abandoned the strategy of massive retaliation (which ...
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21
Kennedy, McNamara, and Flexible Response - Quizlet
https://quizlet.com/16325832/kennedy-mcnamara-and-flexible-response-flash-cards/
Flexible response was a defense strategy implemented by JFK in 1961 to address the Kennedy administration's skepticism of Dwight Eisenhower's New Look and ...
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https://quizlet.com/16325832/kennedy-mcnamara-and-flexible-response-flash-cards/
Flexible response was a defense strategy implemented by JFK in 1961 to address the Kennedy administration's skepticism of Dwight Eisenhower's New Look and ...
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22
Resetting NATO's Defense and Deterrence: The Sword and ...
https://www.csis.org/analysis/resetting-natos-defense-and-deterrence-sword-and-shield-redux
The formal adoption of NATO's “massive retaliation” doctrine in 1957 built on ... Flexible Response: NATO's Fourth Strategic Concept (1968).
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https://www.csis.org/analysis/resetting-natos-defense-and-deterrence-sword-and-shield-redux
The formal adoption of NATO's “massive retaliation” doctrine in 1957 built on ... Flexible Response: NATO's Fourth Strategic Concept (1968).
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23
containment Realism - CLAS Users
http://users.clas.ufl.edu/rnolan/3102list1.htm
balance of power Cuban missile crisis ... massive retaliation flexible response ... What were some differences between the Marshall Plan and Point Four?
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http://users.clas.ufl.edu/rnolan/3102list1.htm
balance of power Cuban missile crisis ... massive retaliation flexible response ... What were some differences between the Marshall Plan and Point Four?
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24
What is the difference between “massive retaliation” and “flexible ...
https://brainly.com/question/16018608
Answer: Flexible Response was President Kennedy's policy for resolving Cold War conflicts. It served as a rejection of Eisenhower's massive retaliation ...
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https://brainly.com/question/16018608
Answer: Flexible Response was President Kennedy's policy for resolving Cold War conflicts. It served as a rejection of Eisenhower's massive retaliation ...
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25
1961-1968 : The Presidencies of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/foreword
Kennedy implemented the “flexible response” defense strategy, one that relied on multiple options for responding to the Soviet Union, discouraged massive ...
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https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/foreword
Kennedy implemented the “flexible response” defense strategy, one that relied on multiple options for responding to the Soviet Union, discouraged massive ...
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26
Role of Congress in the Strategic Posture of the United States ...
https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=716166
Second, the doctrines of flexible response and assured destruction ... “Massive retaliation” entered the lexicon of U.S. nuclear declaratory policy.
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https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=716166
Second, the doctrines of flexible response and assured destruction ... “Massive retaliation” entered the lexicon of U.S. nuclear declaratory policy.
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27
Chapter 27: Global Pressures and the Flexible Response
https://history.army.mil/books/amh/amh-27.htm
Although the possibility of a general nuclear war had receded, ... As President Kennedy ushered in the era of flexible response, massive retaliation was ...
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https://history.army.mil/books/amh/amh-27.htm
Although the possibility of a general nuclear war had receded, ... As President Kennedy ushered in the era of flexible response, massive retaliation was ...
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28
- [H.A.S.C. No. 116-9]OUTSIDE PERSPECTIVES ON ... - GovInfo
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-116hhrg36235/html/CHRG-116hhrg36235.htm
Despite all of our differences with Russia, we still have an existential common ... a first- and second-strike capability, with a flexible response option?
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https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-116hhrg36235/html/CHRG-116hhrg36235.htm
Despite all of our differences with Russia, we still have an existential common ... a first- and second-strike capability, with a flexible response option?
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29
Robert S. McNamara - OSD Historical Office
https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571271/robert-s-mcnamara/
Defense issues, including the missile gap, played a prominent role in the ... and McNamara rejected massive retaliation for a posture of flexible response.
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https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571271/robert-s-mcnamara/
Defense issues, including the missile gap, played a prominent role in the ... and McNamara rejected massive retaliation for a posture of flexible response.
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30
Massive retaliation | Military Wiki - Fandom
https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Massive_retaliation
President John F. Kennedy abandoned the policy of massive retaliation during the Cuban Missile Crisis in favor of flexible response.
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https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Massive_retaliation
President John F. Kennedy abandoned the policy of massive retaliation during the Cuban Missile Crisis in favor of flexible response.
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31
Conventional Forces and the NATO Strategy of Flexible ...
https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2009/R3209.pdf
current NATO strategy of flexible response is being questioned. It is ... on the threat of massive retaliation had lost credibility. It was clear.
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https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2009/R3209.pdf
current NATO strategy of flexible response is being questioned. It is ... on the threat of massive retaliation had lost credibility. It was clear.
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32
RAYMOND GARTHOFF
https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/coldwar/interviews/episode-9/garthoff1.html
... of the first policies MacNamara started to discuss was something a more flexible response to what had previously been a threat of massive retaliation.
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https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/coldwar/interviews/episode-9/garthoff1.html
... of the first policies MacNamara started to discuss was something a more flexible response to what had previously been a threat of massive retaliation.
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33
6 Bear any burden? John F. Kennedy and Nuclear Weapons
https://academic.oup.com/book/12875/chapter/163202949
Like massive retaliation, flexible response relied on nuclear weapons. The difference between the two was stark, but relative.
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https://academic.oup.com/book/12875/chapter/163202949
Like massive retaliation, flexible response relied on nuclear weapons. The difference between the two was stark, but relative.
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34
Extended Deterrence and Allied Assurance - Air Force Academy
https://www.usafa.edu/app/uploads/OCP69.pdf
away from massive retaliation toward a new concept called “flexible response.” This approach, although still dependent on the deterrent value of large ...
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https://www.usafa.edu/app/uploads/OCP69.pdf
away from massive retaliation toward a new concept called “flexible response.” This approach, although still dependent on the deterrent value of large ...
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35
Britain, the United States, and the development of NATO ...
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01402399608437637
administration, this meant a reliance on a strategy of massive nuclear retaliation; under President Kennedy, a move towards flexible response.
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https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01402399608437637
administration, this meant a reliance on a strategy of massive nuclear retaliation; under President Kennedy, a move towards flexible response.
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36
A comparison between US, UK and French nuclear policies ...
https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/art_bt.pdf
(One of the reasons was a disagreement with the abandonment of the massive retaliation strategy in favor of flexible response, which Paris saw as a ...
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https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/art_bt.pdf
(One of the reasons was a disagreement with the abandonment of the massive retaliation strategy in favor of flexible response, which Paris saw as a ...
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37
Strengthening Deterrence in NATO's New Strategic Concept
https://warontherocks.com/2022/08/the-sword-the-shield-and-the-hedgehog-strengthening-deterrence-in-natos-new-strategic-concept/
This was replaced in 1968 with “flexible response,” designed to provide a range of conventional and nuclear options to boost deterrence ...
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https://warontherocks.com/2022/08/the-sword-the-shield-and-the-hedgehog-strengthening-deterrence-in-natos-new-strategic-concept/
This was replaced in 1968 with “flexible response,” designed to provide a range of conventional and nuclear options to boost deterrence ...
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38
We Need to Relearn What We'd Hoped to Forget - The Atlantic
https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/03/nuclear-glossary-ukraine-russia-crisis/627025/
Flexible response was, in effect, a warning that no Soviet military leader could promise a quick and nonnuclear victory in Europe. (The Russians ...
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https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/03/nuclear-glossary-ukraine-russia-crisis/627025/
Flexible response was, in effect, a warning that no Soviet military leader could promise a quick and nonnuclear victory in Europe. (The Russians ...
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39
Glenn Snyder's Deterrence Theory and NATO's Deterrence ...
https://www.mod.go.jp/asdf/meguro/center/arpw06/6Research_Papers2.pdf
Adoption of a flexible response strategy means breaking away from the massive retaliation strategy. In the massive retaliation strategy, if the. Soviet Union ...
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https://www.mod.go.jp/asdf/meguro/center/arpw06/6Research_Papers2.pdf
Adoption of a flexible response strategy means breaking away from the massive retaliation strategy. In the massive retaliation strategy, if the. Soviet Union ...
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40
The Role of Nuclear Weapons in the Post-Cold War Era
https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/AUPress/Books/b_0058_paulsen_role_nuclear_weapons.pdf
chemical warhead have elicited a different response from coalition forces? ... strategy of massive retaliation was delineated publicly in.
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https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/AUPress/Books/b_0058_paulsen_role_nuclear_weapons.pdf
chemical warhead have elicited a different response from coalition forces? ... strategy of massive retaliation was delineated publicly in.
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41
United States tactical nuclear doctrine: Developing a capability
https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4090&context=etd
flexibility in their response to aggression, then perhap the level of nuclear exchange could be regulated, short of massive retaliation.
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https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4090&context=etd
flexibility in their response to aggression, then perhap the level of nuclear exchange could be regulated, short of massive retaliation.
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42
NATO nuclear strategy and the adoption of 'flexible response ...
https://manchester.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7228/manchester/9780719076008.001.0001/upso-9780719076008-chapter-6
MC 48, the strategy of massive retaliation, met the wish of the Europeans to emphasise the use of nuclear weapons for the defence of NATO territory but, ...
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https://manchester.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7228/manchester/9780719076008.001.0001/upso-9780719076008-chapter-6
MC 48, the strategy of massive retaliation, met the wish of the Europeans to emphasise the use of nuclear weapons for the defence of NATO territory but, ...
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43
No Cities - Arms Control Wonk
https://www.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/1212123/no-cities/
Massive retaliation made no sense against the least-worst crossings of the nuclear threshold. It gave way to flexible response, and flexible ...
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https://www.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/1212123/no-cities/
Massive retaliation made no sense against the least-worst crossings of the nuclear threshold. It gave way to flexible response, and flexible ...
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44
CHAPTER 39 COLD WAR in the Stormy Sixties, 1960–1968
http://www.allenisd.org/cms/lib/TX01001197/Centricity/Domain/1919/ch39%20cold%20war%20reading%20guide.pdf
Why did Kennedy believe that a policy of flexible response could better meet the foreign ... between distinctly different political philosophies.
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http://www.allenisd.org/cms/lib/TX01001197/Centricity/Domain/1919/ch39%20cold%20war%20reading%20guide.pdf
Why did Kennedy believe that a policy of flexible response could better meet the foreign ... between distinctly different political philosophies.
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45
6 Massive Retaliation - Springer Link
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-1-349-06608-7_6.pdf
The diminishing credibility of a nuclear strategy and the consequent advisability of a more conventional approach impressed the Truman.
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https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-1-349-06608-7_6.pdf
The diminishing credibility of a nuclear strategy and the consequent advisability of a more conventional approach impressed the Truman.
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46
Untitled
https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~fczagare/Articles/Modeling%20Massive%20Retaliation.PDF
strategic doctrines such as "Flexible Response" (Zagare and Kil- gour, 1993b). ... of Massive Retaliation left the Eisenhower administration with the.
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https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~fczagare/Articles/Modeling%20Massive%20Retaliation.PDF
strategic doctrines such as "Flexible Response" (Zagare and Kil- gour, 1993b). ... of Massive Retaliation left the Eisenhower administration with the.
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47
India - Striking Asymmetries: Nuclear Transitions in Southern ...
https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/07/18/india-pub-87397
In any case, the rhetoric of massive retaliation is also intended to ... Once Pakistan shifted toward its version of “flexible response,” ...
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https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/07/18/india-pub-87397
In any case, the rhetoric of massive retaliation is also intended to ... Once Pakistan shifted toward its version of “flexible response,” ...
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48
Foreign Policy Strategies - Google Docs
https://docs.google.com/document/preview?hgd=1&id=1gSSTn-T3n9slNPG5Egfs7bubnO5UtTS9J4vxnLI1Nio
Kennedy however was critical of this idea of massive retaliation. He believed that America needed a more flexible response of responding to outside threats ...
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https://docs.google.com/document/preview?hgd=1&id=1gSSTn-T3n9slNPG5Egfs7bubnO5UtTS9J4vxnLI1Nio
Kennedy however was critical of this idea of massive retaliation. He believed that America needed a more flexible response of responding to outside threats ...
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49
Nuclear Weapons Targeting Process
https://www.gao.gov/assets/nsiad-91-319fs.pdf
ments for nuclear weapons and related delivery systems, (2) the level of civilian oversight, and (3) the ... from massive retaliation to flexible response.
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https://www.gao.gov/assets/nsiad-91-319fs.pdf
ments for nuclear weapons and related delivery systems, (2) the level of civilian oversight, and (3) the ... from massive retaliation to flexible response.
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50
mAssiVe retAliAtioN: is the threAt less thAN Credible?
https://capsindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Manpreet-Sethi.pdf
nuclear weapons and a response in the form of massive retaliation is supposed to have made india's deterrence posture less than credible.
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https://capsindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Manpreet-Sethi.pdf
nuclear weapons and a response in the form of massive retaliation is supposed to have made india's deterrence posture less than credible.
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51
NUCLEAR-CONVENTIONAL FIREBREAKS AND THE ... - CSBA
https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/Nuclear-Conventional-Firebreaks-Report1.pdf
the Cold War for alternatives to massive nuclear retaliation following the ... The upshot was that NATO did not formally acquiesce to flexible response un-.
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https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/Nuclear-Conventional-Firebreaks-Report1.pdf
the Cold War for alternatives to massive nuclear retaliation following the ... The upshot was that NATO did not formally acquiesce to flexible response un-.
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52
Alliance and Issues The US-Turkey Relationship Duri - IPEDR
http://www.ipedr.com/vol44/015-ICSHH2012-W00022.pdf
different points of view over some issues tightened relations. ... NATO from massive retaliation to flexible response in spite of the opposition of NATO ...
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http://www.ipedr.com/vol44/015-ICSHH2012-W00022.pdf
different points of view over some issues tightened relations. ... NATO from massive retaliation to flexible response in spite of the opposition of NATO ...
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53
Back to the Future: Is 'Integrated Deterrence' the New 'Flexible ...
https://nationalinterest.org/feature/back-future-%E2%80%98integrated-deterrence%E2%80%99-new-%E2%80%98flexible-response%E2%80%99-195274
Flexible response was born during a febrile strategic context similar to today. It was partly defined by fears of a “missile gap“ with the ...
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https://nationalinterest.org/feature/back-future-%E2%80%98integrated-deterrence%E2%80%99-new-%E2%80%98flexible-response%E2%80%99-195274
Flexible response was born during a febrile strategic context similar to today. It was partly defined by fears of a “missile gap“ with the ...
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54
Taking Lyon on the Ninth Day? The 1964 Warsaw Pact Plan ...
https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/108642/warplan_dossier.pdf
There was an important difference, however, between NATO and Soviet preparations ... thus stood somewhere between massive retaliation and flexible response.
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https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/108642/warplan_dossier.pdf
There was an important difference, however, between NATO and Soviet preparations ... thus stood somewhere between massive retaliation and flexible response.
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55
The nuclear question - Research corpora - CVCE.eu
https://www.cvce.eu/en/collections/unit-content/-/unit/56d70f17-5054-49fc-bb9b-5d90735167d0/8c0c9b1c-a623-4169-80cc-836d868566e8
The official adoption of the 'flexible response' by NATO (document MC 14/3) ... Adhering firmly to its 'massive retaliation' policy, France did not sign the ...
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https://www.cvce.eu/en/collections/unit-content/-/unit/56d70f17-5054-49fc-bb9b-5d90735167d0/8c0c9b1c-a623-4169-80cc-836d868566e8
The official adoption of the 'flexible response' by NATO (document MC 14/3) ... Adhering firmly to its 'massive retaliation' policy, France did not sign the ...
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56
Compare And Contrast Kennedy's Ways Of Dealing With The...
https://www.ipl.org/essay/Compare-And-Contrast-Kennedys-Ways-Of-Dealing-PJPBXR5DSB
Kennedy used flexible response in the war instead of containment. Containment is to keep things under control (Ayers 819). Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile ...
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https://www.ipl.org/essay/Compare-And-Contrast-Kennedys-Ways-Of-Dealing-PJPBXR5DSB
Kennedy used flexible response in the war instead of containment. Containment is to keep things under control (Ayers 819). Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile ...
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57
Policy Roundtable: The Trump Administration's Nuclear ...
https://tnsr.org/roundtable/policy-roundtable-trump-administrations-nuclear-posture-review/
In laying out the flexible response strategy, McNamara presented a bold, radically different plan for the role of nuclear weapons in United ...
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https://tnsr.org/roundtable/policy-roundtable-trump-administrations-nuclear-posture-review/
In laying out the flexible response strategy, McNamara presented a bold, radically different plan for the role of nuclear weapons in United ...
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58
Backbone of the US Nuclear Arsenal - National Park Service
https://www.nps.gov/articles/mimiarmsrace-12.htm
Instead of massive retaliation, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara recommended a "flexible response." Should deterrence fail, McNamara ...
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https://www.nps.gov/articles/mimiarmsrace-12.htm
Instead of massive retaliation, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara recommended a "flexible response." Should deterrence fail, McNamara ...
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59
Short history of NATO | Aizsardzības ministrija
http://www.mod.gov.lv/en/nato/short-history-nato
During this time, NATO adopted the strategic doctrine of "Massive Retaliation” – if the Soviet Union attacked, NATO would respond with nuclear weapons. The ...
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http://www.mod.gov.lv/en/nato/short-history-nato
During this time, NATO adopted the strategic doctrine of "Massive Retaliation” – if the Soviet Union attacked, NATO would respond with nuclear weapons. The ...
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60
13. The Cold War: Costs and Results - University of Warwick
https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/mharrison/war_and_economy/13_cold_war_costs.pdf
In January 1974 US Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger abandoned massive retaliation for flexible response. • The United States would respond to ...
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https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/mharrison/war_and_economy/13_cold_war_costs.pdf
In January 1974 US Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger abandoned massive retaliation for flexible response. • The United States would respond to ...
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61
The Dilemma of NATO Strategy, 1949-1968
https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=ohiou1213197004&disposition=inline
product of different strategic outlooks of the members if the NATO alliance. ... massive retaliation and flexible response that John Gaddis had posited in ...
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https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=ohiou1213197004&disposition=inline
product of different strategic outlooks of the members if the NATO alliance. ... massive retaliation and flexible response that John Gaddis had posited in ...
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62
Nuclear Strategy and Deterrence: An Attempt to Rationalise ...
https://www.e-ir.info/pdf/8326
Nevertheless, the effectiveness of Massive Retaliation as a credible ... The result was the implementation of Flexible Response – an attempt ...
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https://www.e-ir.info/pdf/8326
Nevertheless, the effectiveness of Massive Retaliation as a credible ... The result was the implementation of Flexible Response – an attempt ...
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63
U.S. Nuclear Weapons: Changes in Policy and Force Structure
https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL31623.html
In the 1970s, the United States adopted a strategy of "flexible response" and, subsequently, a "countervailing strategy." These policies emphasized retaliatory ...
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https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL31623.html
In the 1970s, the United States adopted a strategy of "flexible response" and, subsequently, a "countervailing strategy." These policies emphasized retaliatory ...
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64
Planning U.S. General Purpose Forces: The Theater Nuclear ...
https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/95th-congress-1977-1978/reports/77doc694.pdf
lying logic of massive retaliation. ... A clearer definition of the deterrence objectives ... implications of flexible response for NATO theater nuclear.
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https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/95th-congress-1977-1978/reports/77doc694.pdf
lying logic of massive retaliation. ... A clearer definition of the deterrence objectives ... implications of flexible response for NATO theater nuclear.
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65
What does flexible response mean? - Definitions.net
https://www.definitions.net/definition/flexible+response
Flexible response calls for mutual deterrence at strategic, tactical, and conventional levels, giving the United States the capability to respond to aggression ...
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https://www.definitions.net/definition/flexible+response
Flexible response calls for mutual deterrence at strategic, tactical, and conventional levels, giving the United States the capability to respond to aggression ...
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66
Kennedy Administration (1961–1963), United States National ...
http://www.faqs.org/espionage/Int-Ke/Kennedy-Administration-1961-1963-United-States-National-Security-Policy.html
... Eisenhower's policy of massive retaliation in favor of a flexible response, ... Kennedy deliberately snuffed out the distinction between planning and ...
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http://www.faqs.org/espionage/Int-Ke/Kennedy-Administration-1961-1963-United-States-National-Security-Policy.html
... Eisenhower's policy of massive retaliation in favor of a flexible response, ... Kennedy deliberately snuffed out the distinction between planning and ...
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67
the new nato strategic concept: a vision from spain
https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/media/www/pag-72505/UNISCI%20DP%2022%20-%20PEREZ.pdf
5 “NATO'S Strategy of Flexible Response and the Twenty-First Century”, ... to face specific threats; one of the key differences from “massive retaliation”.
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https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/media/www/pag-72505/UNISCI%20DP%2022%20-%20PEREZ.pdf
5 “NATO'S Strategy of Flexible Response and the Twenty-First Century”, ... to face specific threats; one of the key differences from “massive retaliation”.
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68
NUCLEAR DETERRENCE IN THE COLD WAR
https://userpages.umbc.edu/~nmiller/POLI388/NUCLEAR%20DETERRENCE.ppt
The response to future aggression would be: “massive retaliation by means and at ... Clearly the preceding either/or distinctions among different nuclear ...
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https://userpages.umbc.edu/~nmiller/POLI388/NUCLEAR%20DETERRENCE.ppt
The response to future aggression would be: “massive retaliation by means and at ... Clearly the preceding either/or distinctions among different nuclear ...
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69
Schelling, von Neumann, and the Event that Didn't Occur - MDPI
https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/games/games-05-00053/article_deploy/games-05-00053-v3.pdf
The doctrines of Massive Retaliation and Mutual Assured Destruction differ ... in replacing massive retaliation with somewhat more flexible response.
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https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/games/games-05-00053/article_deploy/games-05-00053-v3.pdf
The doctrines of Massive Retaliation and Mutual Assured Destruction differ ... in replacing massive retaliation with somewhat more flexible response.
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70
Retaliation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/retaliation
After the United States lost the ability to dominate the escalation process, flexible response came to be understood as a threat the Soviet Union could not ...
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/retaliation
After the United States lost the ability to dominate the escalation process, flexible response came to be understood as a threat the Soviet Union could not ...
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71
Meaning of "flexible response" in the English dictionary
https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/flexible-response
The definition of flexible response in the dictionary is a military strategy that enables the response to an attack to be adapted to the nature and strength ...
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https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/flexible-response
The definition of flexible response in the dictionary is a military strategy that enables the response to an attack to be adapted to the nature and strength ...
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72
'No First Use' and Nuclear Weapons
https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/no-first-use-and-nuclear-weapons
Pledges to only use these weapons in retaliation for a nuclear ... out U.S. first use under its “flexible response” posture since 1967.
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/no-first-use-and-nuclear-weapons
Pledges to only use these weapons in retaliation for a nuclear ... out U.S. first use under its “flexible response” posture since 1967.
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73
The Joint Staff: Chairman: General Maxwell Davenport Taylor
https://www.jcs.mil/About/The-Joint-Staff/Chairman/General-Maxwell-Davenport-Taylor/
During his tenure he advocated less reliance on the doctrine of massive nuclear retaliation to a Soviet attack and more dependence on flexible response.
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https://www.jcs.mil/About/The-Joint-Staff/Chairman/General-Maxwell-Davenport-Taylor/
During his tenure he advocated less reliance on the doctrine of massive nuclear retaliation to a Soviet attack and more dependence on flexible response.
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74
Exploring Roles, Strategies, and Implications - ScholarSpace
https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/8420/3/Explroles.pdf
.ons make for a sharp distinction between "deterrence by denial" and "deterrence ... of massive retaliation was considered important to supplement local ...
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https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/8420/3/Explroles.pdf
.ons make for a sharp distinction between "deterrence by denial" and "deterrence ... of massive retaliation was considered important to supplement local ...
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75
NS3-M1U1C4_-_U_S__Strategy__the_Navy_Exam.docx
https://www.pearl.k12.ms.us/cms/lib/MS01810570/Centricity/Domain/179/NS3-M1U1C4_-_U_S__Strategy__the_Navy_Exam.docx
C Massive Retaliation. D Containment of Communism. E Flexible Response. NS3-M1U1C4 - U.S. Strategy & the Navy (Exam) Page 3. 12 What is the other nation in ...
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https://www.pearl.k12.ms.us/cms/lib/MS01810570/Centricity/Domain/179/NS3-M1U1C4_-_U_S__Strategy__the_Navy_Exam.docx
C Massive Retaliation. D Containment of Communism. E Flexible Response. NS3-M1U1C4 - U.S. Strategy & the Navy (Exam) Page 3. 12 What is the other nation in ...
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76
Preventive War, Deterrent Retaliation, and Retrospective ...
https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1134&context=faculty&httpsredir=1&referer=
promise of massive retaliation against nations-means nothing against shadowy terrorist ... The distinctive difference between preventive war and more.
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https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1134&context=faculty&httpsredir=1&referer=
promise of massive retaliation against nations-means nothing against shadowy terrorist ... The distinctive difference between preventive war and more.
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77
US Nuclear Deterrence Policy and Its Problems
https://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publication/us-nuclear-deterrence-policy-and-its-problems
The previous strategy of “massive retaliation”, as formulated in the ... “flexible response”, nuclear targeting, as reflected in the SIOP, ...
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https://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publication/us-nuclear-deterrence-policy-and-its-problems
The previous strategy of “massive retaliation”, as formulated in the ... “flexible response”, nuclear targeting, as reflected in the SIOP, ...
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78
The Russia crisis has exposed why NATO needs a strategy shift
https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/the-russia-crisis-has-exposed-why-nato-needs-a-strategy-shift/
NATO has made profound change before in the late 1960s, moving from “massive retaliation” and dependence on nuclear weapons to “flexible ...
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https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/the-russia-crisis-has-exposed-why-nato-needs-a-strategy-shift/
NATO has made profound change before in the late 1960s, moving from “massive retaliation” and dependence on nuclear weapons to “flexible ...
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79
EUROPEAN INTEGRATION AND NUCLEAR DETERRENCE ...
https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/cp005e.pdf
escalation and massive nuclear retaliation than they have been in the past. ... `In its current formulation, flexible response is seen as inadequate by the ...
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https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/cp005e.pdf
escalation and massive nuclear retaliation than they have been in the past. ... `In its current formulation, flexible response is seen as inadequate by the ...
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80
What History Can Teach
https://www.amacad.org/publication/what-history-can-teach
This essay argues that arms control was used as one tool in a broader strategy ... to a massive retaliatory attack became seen as the lodestar of superpower ...
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https://www.amacad.org/publication/what-history-can-teach
This essay argues that arms control was used as one tool in a broader strategy ... to a massive retaliatory attack became seen as the lodestar of superpower ...
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81
nuclear Weapon• Employment Doctrine (U) 1.
https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/Joint_Staff/99-A-0177_Nuclear_Weapons_Employment_Doctrine_9-May-1997.pdf
lack of credibility of the massive retaliation doctrine to provide deterrence led to NATO's flexible response strategy, MC 14/3.
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https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/Joint_Staff/99-A-0177_Nuclear_Weapons_Employment_Doctrine_9-May-1997.pdf
lack of credibility of the massive retaliation doctrine to provide deterrence led to NATO's flexible response strategy, MC 14/3.
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82
FLEXIBLE MADNESS? | Robert S. McNamara
https://robertmcnamara.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Scoville-1974-Flexible-Madness-c.pdf
pose to respond to Soviet nuclear aggression by attacking a variety of military targets in- stead of by massive retaliation against cities.
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https://robertmcnamara.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Scoville-1974-Flexible-Madness-c.pdf
pose to respond to Soviet nuclear aggression by attacking a variety of military targets in- stead of by massive retaliation against cities.
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83
The Role of U.S. Land Forces in the Asia-Pacific - NDU Press
https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/News-Article-View/Article/577525/the-role-of-us-land-forces-in-the-asia-pacific/
Flexible response during the Cold War was in part about coming to terms with a certain level of vulnerability. It presented options across the ...
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https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/News-Article-View/Article/577525/the-role-of-us-land-forces-in-the-asia-pacific/
Flexible response during the Cold War was in part about coming to terms with a certain level of vulnerability. It presented options across the ...
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84
Maxwell Taylor's Trumpet | Air & Space Forces Magazine
https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/maxwell-taylors-trumpet/
Implementation of Flexible Response took several forms. The nuclear war plan was revised to include options other than massive retaliation.
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https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/maxwell-taylors-trumpet/
Implementation of Flexible Response took several forms. The nuclear war plan was revised to include options other than massive retaliation.
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85
HOW NUCLEAR WEAPONS AFFECTED US AND SOVIET ...
https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=umuhj
This paper seeks to answer the question of how the development of nuclear weapons ... of Massive Retaliation was designed to protect all these signatory ...
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https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=umuhj
This paper seeks to answer the question of how the development of nuclear weapons ... of Massive Retaliation was designed to protect all these signatory ...
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86
Reagan and the Soviet Union: - Virginia Military Institute
https://www.vmi.edu/media/content-assets/documents/adams-center/4-Military-Strategies_Final.pdf
when it articulated its military strategy of “massive retaliation” [ ... Soviet military leaders believed “flexible response” literally “stole the march”.
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https://www.vmi.edu/media/content-assets/documents/adams-center/4-Military-Strategies_Final.pdf
when it articulated its military strategy of “massive retaliation” [ ... Soviet military leaders believed “flexible response” literally “stole the march”.
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87
The U.S. Army, the Nuclear Posture Review and ... - AUSA
https://www.ausa.org/sites/default/files/publications/LWP-124-The-US-Army-the-Nuclear-Posture-Review-and-Nuclear-Deterrence-A-European-Historical-Context.pdf
of massive retaliation against any possible Soviet aggression. ... doctrine progressed from primarily strategic nuclear retaliation to flexible response,.
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https://www.ausa.org/sites/default/files/publications/LWP-124-The-US-Army-the-Nuclear-Posture-Review-and-Nuclear-Deterrence-A-European-Historical-Context.pdf
of massive retaliation against any possible Soviet aggression. ... doctrine progressed from primarily strategic nuclear retaliation to flexible response,.
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88
Going Tactical: Pakistan's Nuclear Posture and Implications ...
https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/pp53khan_0.pdf
from “massive retaliation” to flexible response.70. The implications of the Indo-Pakistani nuclear doctrinal mismatch are potentially grave for future ...
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https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/pp53khan_0.pdf
from “massive retaliation” to flexible response.70. The implications of the Indo-Pakistani nuclear doctrinal mismatch are potentially grave for future ...
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89
Perspectives on Nuclear Deterrence in the 21st Century
https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-04-20-nuclear-deterrence-unal-et-al.pdf
Is there a difference between conventional deterrence and nuclear deterrence ... another because of fear of massive retaliation, or mutually ...
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https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-04-20-nuclear-deterrence-unal-et-al.pdf
Is there a difference between conventional deterrence and nuclear deterrence ... another because of fear of massive retaliation, or mutually ...
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90
Deterrence in Asymmetries
https://www.vifindia.org/article/2022/september/12/deterrence-in-asymmetries
Also that the Indian doctrine of massive retaliation is “unrealistic” and ... Therefore, the flexibility of our independent response to such ...
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https://www.vifindia.org/article/2022/september/12/deterrence-in-asymmetries
Also that the Indian doctrine of massive retaliation is “unrealistic” and ... Therefore, the flexibility of our independent response to such ...
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91
U.S. NUCLEAR AND EXTENDED DETERRENCE
https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/06_nuclear_deterrence.pdf
tion moved to explicitly replace the massive retaliation policy. ... the concept of “flexible response,” which directed.
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https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/06_nuclear_deterrence.pdf
tion moved to explicitly replace the massive retaliation policy. ... the concept of “flexible response,” which directed.
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92
What Is Flexible Response Apush? - QuestionAnswer.io
https://questionanswer.io/what-is-flexible-response-apush/
How was flexible response different from massive retaliation? ... Flexible Response was President Kennedy's policy for resolving Cold War ...
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https://questionanswer.io/what-is-flexible-response-apush/
How was flexible response different from massive retaliation? ... Flexible Response was President Kennedy's policy for resolving Cold War ...
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93
U.S. announces policy of “massive retaliation” against ...
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/dulles-announces-policy-of-massive-retaliation
U.S. announces policy of “massive retaliation” against Communist aggressors ... depend upon the “massive retaliatory power” of such weapons to respond to ...
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https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/dulles-announces-policy-of-massive-retaliation
U.S. announces policy of “massive retaliation” against Communist aggressors ... depend upon the “massive retaliatory power” of such weapons to respond to ...
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94
'Limited' Wars Could Make a Bloody Return - U.S. Naval Institute
https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2022/march/limited-wars-could-make-bloody-return
Flexible response” plans can help prevent prolonged fighting and devastation. ... Rights of War and Peace were garnering huge numbers of readers.4 Moreover, ...
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https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2022/march/limited-wars-could-make-bloody-return
Flexible response” plans can help prevent prolonged fighting and devastation. ... Rights of War and Peace were garnering huge numbers of readers.4 Moreover, ...
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95
Nuclear War Avoidance: A Fourth Pillar Of Future Human Well ...
https://horasis.org/nuclear-war-avoidance-a-fourth-pillar-of-future-human-well-being/
A correct answer must combine insidiously complex elements of ... security was premised on seemingly primal threats of “massive retaliation.
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https://horasis.org/nuclear-war-avoidance-a-fourth-pillar-of-future-human-well-being/
A correct answer must combine insidiously complex elements of ... security was premised on seemingly primal threats of “massive retaliation.
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