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1 About Botulism - CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/general.html
This toxin is made by Clostridium botulinum and sometimes Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii bacteria. These bacteria can produce the toxin in ...
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2 Botulism - World Health Organization (WHO)
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/botulism
Clostridium botulinum is a bacterium that produces dangerous toxins (botulinum toxins) under low-oxygen conditions. · Botulinum toxins are one of ...
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3 Why Are Botulinum Neurotoxin-Producing Bacteria So Diverse ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6357194/
Spores do not produce toxins. Toxin production, therefore, requires spore germination, which occurs in an anaerobic atmosphere. Spores do not ...
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4 BAM Chapter 17: Clostridium botulinum - FDA
https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food/bam-chapter-17-clostridium-botulinum
Clostridium botulinum is an anaerobic, rod-shaped sporeforming bacterium that produces a protein with characteristic neurotoxicity. Under ...
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5 Botulism - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/botulism/symptoms-causes/syc-20370262
A type of bacteria called Clostridium botulinum produces the toxin. Botulism can occur as the result of food or wound contamination.
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6 Clostridium botulinum - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum
The botulinum toxin can cause botulism, a severe flaccid paralytic disease in humans and other animals, and is the most potent toxin known to mankind, natural ...
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7 Clostridium botulinum - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/clostridium-botulinum
Clostridium botulinum is a gram-negative bacterium that produces seven related toxins, called botulinum toxin types A, B, C1, D, E, F, and G. The toxin is ...
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8 Foodborne Botulism | FAQs | Food Safety Authority of Ireland
https://www.fsai.ie/faq/botulism.html
What is Food borne Botulism? Botulism is a potentially fatal paralytic illness caused by a toxin (poison) that is produced by a bacterium called Clostridium ...
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9 Botulism - NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/botulism/
Botulism is a rare but life-threatening condition caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. These toxins attack the nervous system ...
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10 Botulism - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)
https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/botulism/
Foodborne botulism is caused by eating foods that contain botulinum toxin. Wound botulism occurs when C. botulinum spores germinate and produce toxin in a ...
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11 Botulism: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatments
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17828-botulism
Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by a bacteria called Clostridium botulinum. The bacteria produces a toxin that attacks your ...
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12 What is Botulism (Clostridium botulinum toxin)? - ATSU
https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/bioterror/botulism.htm
This bacterium exists in two forms: vegetative cells and spores. The vegetative cells of Clostridium botulinum are killed by oxygen. The spores ...
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13 Botulism - 9.305 - CSU Extension - Colorado State University
https://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/nutrition-food-safety-health/botulism-9-305/
Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and sometimes by strains of ...
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14 Botulinum Toxin (Botulism)
https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/publications/botulinum-toxin-botulism-fact-sheet
Wound botulism is the result of a deep, contaminated wound. C. botulinum can multiply and produce botulinum toxin in the anaerobic center of the ...
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15 Department of Agriculture | Botulism - NJ.gov
https://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/ah/diseases/botulism.html
Botulism is caused by botulinum toxin, a potent neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum and a few strains of C. baratii and C. butyricum.
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16 Botulism - Epidemiology - Virginia Department of Health
https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/botulism/
Botulism · Foodborne botulism is caused by eating foods that contain the botulism toxin. · Infant botulism is caused by consuming the spores of botulism bacteria, ...
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17 Clostridium botulinum
https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/11042/direct
Infant botulism is an extremely rare toxico-infection that occurs when C. botulinum grows and produces toxins in the intestines of babies; symptoms appear ...
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18 Botulism - Diseases and Conditions - Public Information
https://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/public/publications/disease/botulism.aspx
Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum (klos-trih-dee-um bot-u ...
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19 Preventing Foodborne Illness: Clostridium botulinum
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FS104
Although the bacteria and spores alone do not cause disease, their production of botulinum toxin renders them pathogenic. Botulinum toxin is an extremely ...
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20 Botulism - State of Michigan
https://www.michigan.gov/michiganprepares/az/az2/botulism
Botulism is a rare, but serious muscle-paralyzing illness caused by a nerve toxin (botulinum toxin) produced by the common bacterium, Clostridium botulinum.
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21 Facts about botulism - ECDC - European Union
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/botulism/facts
Botulism is a serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The disease may occur after ...
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22 Botulism (food-borne botulism and infant botulism)
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/botulism/fact_sheet.htm
It often involves improperly processed home canned foods. Wound botulism occurs when C. botulinum spores contaminate a wound and produce toxin. Botulism in ...
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23 Botulism - Infections - Merck Manuals Consumer Version
https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-anaerobic-bacteria/botulism
Botulism is an uncommon, life-threatening poisoning caused by toxins produced by the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium botulinum. ... Clostridium botulinum do not ...
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24 BOTULISM - La Dept. of Health
https://ldh.la.gov/assets/oph/Center-PHCH/Center-CH/infectious-epi/EpiManual/BotulismManual.pdf
Local production of toxin by C. botulinum organisms in the gastrointestinal tract ... does not limit its potential as a biological weapon.
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25 Botulism - HealthyWA
https://healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/A_E/Botulism
What is botulism? Botulism is a rare but serious condition caused by toxins (poisons) produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. How do you get botulism?
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26 Construction and validation of safe Clostridium botulinum ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05008-1
Wound botulism can result from growth and toxin production by C. botulinum in infected deep wounds providing an anaerobic growth milieu.
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27 botulinum
https://www2.gvsu.edu/chm463/toxins/botulism.htm
Clostridium botulinum is mostly found in soil or water and is usually transferred to the food that it comes in contact with. The most susceptible foods are low ...
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28 Botulism: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000598.htm
Clostridium botulinum are found in soil and untreated water throughout the world. The bacteria produce protective spores to help them ...
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29 Botulism - Mass.gov
https://www.mass.gov/service-details/botulism
Botulism is a muscle-paralyzing disease caused by a toxin (poison) made by the bacteria (germ) Clostridium botulinum. There are 3 main types of botulism.
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30 Botulism - CDPH - CA.gov
https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/botulism.aspx
Botulism is a rare but serious disease caused by a toxin (poison) that is made by bacteria called Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum). This ...
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31 Botulism Facts - MN Dept. of Health
https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/botulism/botulism.html
Botulism is a serious, potentially fatal illness caused by a type of poison. The poison – known as botulinum toxin – is produced by a kind ...
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32 Botulinum Neurotoxin-Producing Bacteria. Isn't It Time that We ...
https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.01469-18
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by a diverse set of seven clostridial species, though alternate naming systems have developed ...
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33 Clostridium botulinum | bacteria - Encyclopedia Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/science/Clostridium-botulinum
Production of botulism toxin can occur in canned nonacidic foods that have been incompletely cooked before sealing. C. botulinum forms heat- ...
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34 Clostridium botulinum - UNL Food
https://food.unl.edu/clostridium-botulinum
When conditions are right, the spore will grow into the vegetative cell. When the vegetative cells grow to high numbers, this bacteria produces the toxin. The ...
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35 Botulism | CFSPH
https://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/botulism.pdf
Botulism is caused by botulinum toxin, a potent neurotoxin produced by. Clostridium botulinum, a few strains of C. baratii and C. butyricum, ...
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36 Botulism: Symptoms, causes, prevention, and sources
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173943
The toxin is produced by Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum), a type of bacterium. All types of botulism eventually lead to paralysis, so any case of ...
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37 Botulism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/213311-overview
Human botulism is found worldwide. Spores from C botulinum strains that produce type A or B toxins are distributed widely in the soil and have ...
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38 Botulism - HealthyChildren.org
https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/infections/Pages/Botulism.aspx
Botulism is caused by poisons (toxins) produced by spore-forming bacteria called Clostridium botulinum. Food-borne botulism arises when food ...
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39 Biochemical Properties, types of botulism and production of toxin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AdpOZewgVq4
Chapters. View all · It produces dangerous toxins (botulinum toxins) under low-oxygen conditions. · It produces dangerous toxins (botulinum toxins) ...
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40 Botulism - Better Health Channel
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/botulism
It is caused by toxins produced by the Clostridium botulinum bacterium. Although found worldwide in soil and sediments, where it does not cause a problem, ...
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41 C. botulinum - Ecolab
https://www.ecolab.com/expertise-and-innovation/resources/microbial-risks/c-botulinum
Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum) is a spore-forming bacterium that produces a very powerful neurotoxin that causes botulism. The toxin is among the most ...
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42 Clostridium botulinum | Tokyo Food Safety Information Center
https://www.fukushihoken.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/shokuhin/eng/micro/boturinu.html
› boturinu
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43 What is Clostridium botulinum? - State Food Safety
https://www.statefoodsafety.com/Resources/Resources/ask-a-food-safety-scientist-what-is-clostridium-botulinum
Clostridium botulinum is an anaerobic bacteria, meaning that it thrives best in an oxygen-deprived environment. In addition to this, the bacteria can produce ...
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44 Fact sheet on Clostridium botulinum - Thermo Fisher Scientific
https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/food/fact-sheet-on-clostridium-botulinum/
Foodborne: develops when foods are consumed which are contaminated with the botulinum toxin · Infant: develops when infected botulinum spores ...
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45 Botulism | Clinical Infectious Diseases - Oxford Academic
https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/41/8/1167/379325
C. botulinum produces 7 immunologically distinct toxins, which are designated by the letters A–G. Several related clostridial species (e.g., Clostridium baratii ...
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46 BOTULISM
https://www.sfcdcp.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Botulism-Binder-Chapter.2008.FINAL-id312.pdf
Botulism is a disease caused by exposure to botulinum toxin produced from Clostridium species, mainly Clostridium botulinum. Clinical forms of the disease ...
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47 Botulism - Cigna
https://www.cigna.com/knowledge-center/hw/medical-topics/botulism-te6317.html
What is botulism? Food-borne botulism is a rare but serious type of food poisoning that can result in paralysis. It is caused by the Clostridium botulinum ...
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48 Strategies to Reduce Clostridium botulinum Risk in Fresh-Cut ...
https://www.food-safety.com/articles/7938-strategies-to-reduce-clostridium-botulinum-risk-in-fresh-cut-produce
botulinum are left at ambient temperatures that enable toxin production and then reheated, as the toxin can persist in the food. Small dosages ...
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49 Botulism - CIDRAP
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/infectious-disease-topics/botulism
Agent. Botulinum Toxin. Botulism is an intoxication caused by botulinum toxin, which is produced by Clostridium botulinum and, rarely, by other Clostridium ...
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50 Chapter 12: Clostridium botulinum Potential Food Safety Hazard
https://seafood.oregonstate.edu/sites/agscid7/files/snic/compendium/chapter-12-clostridium-botulinum.pdf
Toxins of the nonproteolytics do not manifest maximum ... This form of botulism results from growth and toxin production by C. botulinum within.
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51 Infectious Substances – Clostridium botulinum - Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/clostridium-botulinum.html
Adult infectious botulism: Rare. Caused by the intestinal colonization of C. botulinum / other neurotoxin producing species, followed by in vivo toxin ...
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52 Editorial: New insights on botulism, botulinum neurotoxins ...
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.979653/full
Since Clostridium botulinum is an environmental microorganism, spores may contaminate the drug at different stages of production and processing, ...
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53 An Integrative Approach to Computational Modelling of the ...
https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005205
Clostridium botulinum produces botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), highly potent substances responsible for botulism. Currently, mathematical models ...
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54 Botulism: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis - Healthline
https://www.healthline.com/health/botulism
Botulism poisoning is due to a toxin produced by a type of bacteria called Clostridium botulinum. Although very common, these bacteria can only thrive in ...
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55 Botulism | Cornell Wildlife Health Lab
https://cwhl.vet.cornell.edu/disease/botulism
Botulism is caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. Animals can become sick by ingesting the toxin, or the bacteria which produce the ...
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56 Botulism | Home & Garden Information Center
https://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/botulism/
Botulism is a food poisoning caused by a toxin produced by the bacteria, Clostridium botulinum. C. botulinum and its spores are everywhere.
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57 Botulism Fact Sheet - Pennsylvania Department of Health
https://www.health.pa.gov/topics/Documents/Diseases%20and%20Conditions/Botulism.pdf
What is botulism? - Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin (poison) produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
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58 Botulism - FoodFacts
https://foodfacts.org.za/botulism/
What is botulism? Botulism is a paralytic illness caused by a neuro-(nerve) toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
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59 Botulism - Infectious Diseases - MSD Manuals
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/anaerobic-bacteria/botulism
Botulism is poisoning that is due to Clostridium botulinum toxin and that affects the peripheral nerves. Botulism may occur without infection if toxin is ...
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60 Clostridium botulinum - Botulism (Clinical forms): Overview.
https://www.ivami.com/en/tests-i-clostridium-botulinum-i/5000-clostridium-botulinum-botulism-clinical-forms-overview
Clostridium botulinum is an strict anaerobic grampositive bacillus, genus Clostridium, family Clostridiaceae, spore-forming, that produces a neurotoxic toxin.
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61 What is botulism, and how does it kill? - CNN
https://www.cnn.com/2017/05/25/health/what-is-botulism/index.html
It's produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and sometimes by strains of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii.
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62 Clostridium botulinum
https://fas.org/programs/bio/factsheets/botulinumfs.html
Botulism is a rare paralytic disease caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BT), a protein produced by the soil bacteria Clostridium botulinum.
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63 What is Botulism? - Penn State Extension
https://extension.psu.edu/what-is-botulism
Clostridium botulinum, a bacteria, and its spores are readily found in the soil and can be present on the foods we regularly prepare and eat ...
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64 Botulinum Toxin American Society for Microbiology
https://health.maryland.gov/laboratories/docs/Botulinum%20toxin.pdf
reported to produce botulinum type E and F toxins, respectively. C. ... c. Lack of prior approval. Do not ship specimens to higher-level LRN laboratories.
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65 Clostridium botulinum » Gram-Positive Bacteria »
https://ppdictionary.com/bacteria/gpbac/botulinum.htm
Figure 2. A photomicrograph of Clostridium botulinum type A viewed using a Gram stain technique. The bacterium C. botulinum produces a nerve toxin, which causes ...
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66 Botulism - Physiopedia
https://www.physio-pedia.com/Botulism
Botulism gets it's name from the organism that produces the associated symptoms, Clostridium botulinum. Clostridium botulinum produces seven distinct toxins ...
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67 Botulism and Tetanus | SpringerLink
https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-30144-5_97
Botulism and tetanus are caused by neurotoxins, botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), and tetanus toxin (TeNT), respectively, which are produced by anaerobic sporulating ...
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68 Botulism - Taiwan Centers for Disease Control
https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Category/ListContent/bg0g_VU_Ysrgkes_KRUDgQ?uaid=fGI6rVEdZEurM8TMTzB5CA
Botulism is a serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. C. botulinum is an anaerobic, ...
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69 Botulism : A diagnostic challenge : Indian Journal of Medical ...
https://journals.lww.com/ijmr/Fulltext/2011/34010/Botulism___A_diagnostic_challenge.4.aspx
C. botulinum is an anaerobic, Gram-positive, spore-forming rod shape bacteria that produce botulinum toxin. Botulinum toxin is one of the most powerful known ...
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70 Growth and Toxin Production by Type E Clostridium Botulinum ...
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1961.tb00807.x
At 38°F, toxin production and visible outgrowth as evidenced by gas formation beneath a vaspar seal occurred in one or more tubes of each of the strains within ...
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71 Botulism - My Health Alberta
https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/Pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=te6317
Food-borne botulism is a rare but serious type of foodborne illness that can result in paralysis. It is caused by the Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum) ...
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72 Botulism Frequently Asked Questions
https://www.nicd.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Botulism-FAQ-final-December-2016.pdf
Clostridium botulinum and rarely, by botulinum toxin-producing strains of some other Clostridium species. ... Where does botulism occur in South Africa?
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73 Growth and Toxin Production of Clostridium botulinum Type E ...
https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(70)86365-2/pdf
however, one strain (Tenno) produced toxin at 7.2 C. ... C. botulinum grows and produces toxin in milk ... 1 Mention of commercial products does not im-.
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74 Clostridium botulinum - botulism Diagnosis, Treatment and ...
https://www.ehagroup.com/resources/pathogens/clostridium-botulinum-botulism/
Botulinum spores are ubiquitous in the soil worldwide. Botulism toxin causes flaccid paralysis by blocking motor nerve terminals at the myoneural junction. The ...
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75 Welcome to the Infant Botulism Treatment and Prevention ...
https://www.infantbotulism.org/general/faq.php?printable=1
In infant botulism the swallowed botulism spores activate and produce botulinum toxin inside the baby's large intestine. In foodborne botulism the botulism ...
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76 Botulism - Knowledge @ AMBOSS
https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Botulism/
... is caused by a potent neurotoxin produced by the spore-forming bacteria Clostridium botulinum. Botulinum toxin blocks the release of ...
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77 Botulism | Fact Sheet
https://www.dshs.state.tx.us/IDCU/disease/botulism/Fact-Sheet.aspx
The vegetative cells of the bacillus Clostridium botulinum may produce any of seven neurotoxins (Types A-G). Bacillus spores themselves are ...
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78 BOTULISM - IDPH
http://www.idph.state.il.us/Bioterrorism/factsheets/botulism.htm
Botulism is a rare, but potentially deadly illness characterized by muscle paralysis. Botulism is caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by a bacterium called ...
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79 Botulism Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options
https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/botulism.html
Botulism is a form of poisoning caused by exposure to Clostridium botulinum bacteria. These bacteria manufacture a chemical poison known as ...
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80 Botulism Information | Mount Sinai - New York
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/botulism
Clostridium botulinum are found in soil and untreated water throughout the world. The bacteria produce protective spores to help them survive.
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81 Clostridium botulinum - microbewiki - Kenyon College
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Clostridium_botulinum
The importance of sequencing the genome of Clostridium Botulinum lies in its ability to produce a toxin known as botulin, one of the most ...
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82 Clostridium botulinum Life Cycle - News Medical
https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Clostridium-botulinum-Life-Cycle.aspx
The endospores produced by C. botulinum are heat resistant and often contaminate food. These spores can germinate and the bacteria begin to grow in food, ...
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83 Botulism pathophysiology - wikidoc
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Botulism_pathophysiology
botulinum. but C. baratii produces similar neurotoxins (5, 6). The neurotoxins which cause botulism are the most potent toxins currently known ...
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84 Botulism - Health.vic
https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/botulism
Reservoir of Clostridium botulinum. C. botulinum is most commonly found in soil and agricultural products. Spores have been found in marine ...
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85 Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) - Osmosis
https://www.osmosis.org/learn/Clostridium_botulinum_(Botulism)
Clostridium botulinum is notorious for producing a toxin, called botulinum toxin, which causes botulism. Historically, to preserve foods, ...
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86 Staphylococcus aureus
https://www.sjgov.org/department/ems/files/Botulism.ppt
This type of botulism resembles infant botulism, however, it affects adults. C. botulinum colonizes the intestinal tract of adults and produces the toxin in ...
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87 Analysis of a unique Clostridium botulinum strain from the ...
https://bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2180-12-245
Clostridium botulinum strains that produce botulinum neurotoxin type E (BoNT/E) are most commonly isolated from botulism cases, ...
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88 Botulism and Honey - Centre for Food Safety
https://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/programme/programme_rafs/programme_rafs_fm_02_10.html
Botulism is caused by a neurotoxin (destroyed if heated at 80 °C for 10 minutes or longer) produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum , which is ...
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89 Botulism - UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/botulism
A single strain almost always produces only one toxin, but some strains may produce multiple toxins [3]. C. botulinum spores are heat resistant ...
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90 Spores of Clostridium botulinum in Dried Dairy Products
https://fri.wisc.edu/files/Briefs_File/FRI_NewsAlert_Cbot_WheyProtein_28Aug2013.pdf
Three batches of whey protein concentrate produced in New Zealand had been previously identified to contain clostridia spores, but no toxin and ...
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91 Botulism Fact Sheet - City of Toronto
https://www.toronto.ca/community-people/health-wellness-care/diseases-medications-vaccines/botulism-fact-sheet/
Botulism is a rare but serious condition caused by a spore-producing bacteria Clostridium botulinum. The bacteria produce a toxin which can cause nerve ...
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92 Explainer: the good, the bad and the ugly of botulinum toxin
https://theconversation.com/explainer-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-of-botulinum-toxin-16728
The organism at the centre of the controversy is Clostridium botulinum, a food-borne pathogen that causes a severe form of food poisoning called ...
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93 Botulinum Toxin and Botox - Toxicology Education Foundation
https://toxedfoundation.org/botulinum-toxin-and-botox/
Where does Botox® come from? The neurotoxins produced by the bacterium clostridium botulinum1, categorized as types A through E, are the most potent acute ...
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94 Clostridium botulinum - MST.edu - Missouri S&T
https://web.mst.edu/~djwesten/MoW/BIO221_2010/C_botulinum.html
C. botulinum is also an obligate anaerobe; however, this bacterium can produce an enzyme called superoxide dismutase which can defend the bacterium from ...
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95 BOTULISM - LA County Department of Public Health
http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/acd/procs/b73/DiseaseChapters/B73Botulism.pdf
(See also INFANT BOTULISM and WOUND. BOTULISM, below.) 1. Agent: Toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum (and rarely other clostridium species), a gram-positive ...
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96 THE HISTORY OF BOTULISM - The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/28/garden/the-history-of-botulism.html
The toxin, called botulin, is produced by five known strains of a rod-shaped bacterium called Clostridium botulinum, which is common in ...
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97 HAL-Pasteur
https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01115185/file/RESMIC-D-14-00282R1-1-aut.pdf
central point in the regulation of toxin production in C. botulinum. ... which include type A neurotoxin producing C. botulinum, do not synthesize toxins at.
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