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1 Columnar Grain - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/columnar-grain
The columnar grains grow perpendicular to the mould wall by a solidification process involving dendrites. From: Introduction to Aerospace Materials, 2012 ...
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2 Columnar grains - UWO Physics
https://physics.uwo.ca/~lgonchar/courses/p2800/Chapter%204_supl2.pdf
Columnar grains are long, thin, coarse grains created when a metal ... For some applications, the molten metal is cast into essentially its final shape.
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3 Solidification - SubsTech
https://www.substech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=solidification
As a result columnar crystals (columnar grains) form. Length of the columnar grains zone is determined by the constitutional undercooling.
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4 Casting 1 - Materials Science: Tutorials
https://textbooks.elsevier.com/manualsprotectedtextbooks/9780750663809/static/casting/casting2a.htm
Usually equiaxed grains (rounded grains) form in the centre of the casting, stopping the growth of the columnar grains. The grains are orientated randomly, ...
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5 MACRO- AND MICROSTRUCTURES - solidification.org
http://solidification.mechanical.illinois.edu/Book/pdf/Chap11-7page.pdf
From this outer equiaxed zone, columnar grains, columnar grains form as a result of ... is the volume they would occupy (normalized by the total volume) if.
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6 Additive Manufacturing - DiVA Portal
https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1609515/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Columnar-to-equiaxed grain transition in powder bed fusion via mimicking ... Recently-developed metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes,.
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7 Columnar to equiaxed transition in solidification processing
https://iom3.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/S1468-6996%2801%2900047-X
welding of aluminium alloys where equiaxed grains are the preferred solidification structure. q ... morphologies form a polycrystalline solid with randomly.
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8 columnar grain structure: Topics by Science.gov
https://www.science.gov/topicpages/c/columnar+grain+structure.html
Unstructured columnar electrodes form a micron-sized block structure during the ... the grain size of the FePt-ZrO2-C films would increase and the isolation ...
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9 Solidification: columnar to equiaxed grain transition - YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Dboh3A8V78
bhadeshia123
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10 The Challenges Associated with the Formation of Equiaxed ...
https://www.scientific.net/KEM.770.155
It is well established that columnar grain structures usually form when metal alloys are used to additively manufacture components.
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11 Modelling Columnar and Equiaxed Growth
https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3d8ae26b-e0b4-4d54-801d-4951705d53aa/files/m7492f09229d0fcff657a12ff0aa17926
The model does not distinguish between individual grains of the columnar zone, but it is shown that this is not an important limitation for most metal casting ...
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12 Dynamics and mechanism of columnar grain growth of pure ...
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248185159_Dynamics_and_mechanism_of_columnar_grain_growth_of_pure_iron_under_directional_annealing
As a result of selective growth, the boundaries between the columnar grains abound in low-energy boundaries. Small island-like grains inside the ...
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13 Columnar to equiaxed transition and grain ... - OSTI.gov
https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1479722
this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government ... and successfully changed the grain shape (from columnar to ...
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14 Grain structure control during metal 3D printing by high ... - NCBI
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6952421/
If the epitaxial growth of columnar grains is restrained by the formation of equiaxed grains near the surface of the melt pool, and the equiaxed ...
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15 2016AM_Wei.pdf
https://modeling.matse.psu.edu/research_files/papers/2016AM_Wei.pdf
also form and coexist with columnar grains under some welding conditions [10,16]. ... In contrast, equiaxed grains are usually small, do not exhibit.
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16 Additive Manufacturing - NSF PAR
https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10096641
Insight into the mechanisms of columnar to equiaxed grain transition during ... observed during metallic additive manufacturing (AM).
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17 Solved 1. How do columnar grains form? Do they results in
https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/1-columnar-grains-form-results-isotropic-anisotropic-properties-polycrystalline-material-2-q40297011
How do columnar grains form? Do they results in isotropic or anisotropic properties in a polycrystalline material? Why? 2. A vacancy in the lattice structure ...
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18 Experimental Study of Disruption of Columnar Grain Growth ...
https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=ysu1442408459&disposition=inline
formation of columnar grain growth during rapid solidification using ultrasonic ... which would form a short circuit and damage the driver.
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19 Chapter 1: Weld Solidification - ASM International
https://www.asminternational.org/documents/10192/1849770/06593G_Sample.pdf/bcce57ce-ef19-44e2-8d0e-88e5d23e5e05
ior in the fusion zone controls the size and shape ... The weld pool shape also influences the fusion ... Therefore, the columnar grains do not turn as.
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20 AP2, Solidification and Fabrication
https://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2000/practicals/AP2/AP2.html
You can promote this process by blowing gently on the free surface. Another mechanism by which equiaxed crystals form in castings is grain multiplication, for ...
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21 The Control of Grain Shape and Its Effect on the Properties of ...
https://www.jstor.org/stable/44563636
which would allow the development of alloys with increased strength for use at higher service ... form nucleation of randomly oriented columnar grains at a.
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22 Cast Structure
https://www.uobabylon.edu.iq/eprints/publication_5_9164_901.pdf
In other cases, the mold produces a simple shape called an ingot. ... The columnar zone contains elongated grains oriented in a particular.
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23 Microstructures of Columnar Grains in Uranium Dioxide
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/matertrans1960/8/1/8_1_3/_pdf
Microstructures of columnar grains of uranium dioxide grown under the temperature gradient- ... gaps disappear and form a dotted line structure behind.
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24 Growth competition between columnar dendritic grains
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03448660/document
Highly branched dendrites can form at the GB locations, with microstructural measures such as dendrite tip radius, primary and secondary arm ...
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25 Formation of columnar lamellar colony grain structure in a ...
https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Formation_of_columnar_lamellar_colony_grain_structure_in_a_high_Nb-TiAl_alloy_by_electron_beam_melting/11541957/1/files/22109025.pdf
other two, suggesting that the intrinsic tendency to form equiaxed grains is greater ... In the liquid part, the thermal gradient would drive liquid-phase.
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26 xa9744815 equi-axed and columnar grain growth in uo2
https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/28/068/28068399.pdf
regions of high temperature gradients, columnar grain growth is often ... It is assumed that the lenticular 'bubbles' which form on the grain faces are not ...
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27 How does the grain size and shape affect the final casting?
https://www.quora.com/How-does-the-grain-size-and-shape-affect-the-final-casting
Columnar zone - further heat removal results in growth of grains of chilled zone inwards, accompanied by a decrease in heat extraction and solidification. Since ...
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28 Grain Refinement of Alloys in Fusion-Based Additive ...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11661-020-05880-4
This paper initially attempts to explain the reason for the formation of columnar grain structures in terms of the high thermal gradients ...
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29 GRAIN REFINEMENT OF CAST ALLOYS: A REVIEW - IJMERR
http://www.ijmerr.com/uploadfile/2015/0828/20150828054944549.pdf
has also been shown that grain refinement does not change the phase constitution, freezing ... the equiaxed shape with the consequent number of passes.
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30 Strategy for Texture Management in Metals Additive ...
https://asset-pdf.scinapse.io/prod/2583880193/2583880193.pdf
ability to form either columnar or equiaxed grain structures upon solidifica- ... present in the solidifying melt pool of AM metals, a.
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31 The Structure of Castings - AVESİS
https://avesis.yildiz.edu.tr/resume/downloadfile/cigdem?key=5d6bee1c-02d5-4fec-a93d-c58baf6ec4e3
This is important if the material is to be used in the as-cast form or if it is to ... The axes of the columnar grains are parallel to <100> for FCC and BCC ...
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32 Columnar Grain Growth of Lead-Free Double Perovskite ...
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00331
In the mist deposition process, the continuously supplied precursor mist re-dissolves the pre-deposited crystals and forms a wetted region on ...
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33 Solidification Mechanisms - IDC Technologies
https://www.idc-online.com/technical_references/pdfs/mechanical_engineering/Solidification_Mechanisms.pdf
growth rate (R), axial and columnar grains, macrostructure, ... On cooling, liquid metal losses energy in the form of latent heat and so the.
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34 Solidification of Metals and Alloys - IntechOpen
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/74167
Nucleation does not take place randomly in the metal/alloy melt throughout ... This is a typical condition leading to the formation of columnar grains which ...
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35 The Interaction between Grains during Columnar-to-Equiaxed ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/10/12/1647/htm
The interactions between different grains were studied. Once the seeds ahead of the columnar dendrites nucleated and grew, the columnar dendrite tip velocity ...
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36 Solidification of metals | bartleby
https://www.bartleby.com/subject/engineering/mechanical-engineering/concepts/solidification-of-metals
Explanation: The size of grains formed in the material is based on the type or rate of cooling. The columnar grains are formed in metals during the slow cooling ...
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37 Columnar grains and twins in high-purity sputter-deposited ...
https://avs.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1116/1.1312763
(Received 23 October 1973; in final form 20 March 1974). Columnar grains were normal to the substrate in thick, high-purity copper.
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38 Columnar crystal - Giesserei Lexikon
https://www.giessereilexikon.com/en/foundry-lexicon/Encyclopedia/show/columnar-crystal-4562/?cHash=d2c9587f8161a0d8e80586a067a2d355
If a melt predominantly cools evenly, round “equiaxed” grains develop which are called globulites. Stem and/or column-shaped or prismatic crystals develop ...
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39 Grain Boundaries
https://www.nationalboard.org/index.aspx?pageID=164&ID=194
As these carbides form, they deplete the region immediately adjacent to the grain boundary of chromium. As chromium decreases, so does the corrosion ...
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40 Computational Modeling of Columnar to Equiaxed Transition ...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adem.201200220/pdf
[1,2] Gen- erally two distinct forms of solidified crystals – columnar and equiaxed grains – can exist in castings. The structure is called.
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41 Columnar grains-covered small grains Cu–Sn alloy prepared ...
https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/920077
The excellent high strength may be due to the effective blockage of dislocation motion by numerous self-closed grain boundaries, which suppress the propagation ...
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42 Understanding the growth of high-aspect-ratio grains in ... - arXiv
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2203.03496
achieving high-aspect-ratio columnar grains which form desired microstructure with thermally isolating grain boundary material becomes the key to the ...
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43 Grain refinement of wire arc additively manufactured titanium ...
https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:416955/UQ416955_OA.pdf
The emergence of grain boundary α that forms during the subsequent solid state transformation along aligned prior-β columnar grains can result in highly ...
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44 Blandade frågor från boken Flashcards - Quizlet
https://quizlet.com/42703277/blandade-fragor-fran-boken-flash-cards/
Distinguish between equiaxed and columnar grains in a solidified metal structure. ... Atoms are thus able to diffuse more rapidly to form precipitates.
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45 Modification of the Microstructure of TiN Based Columnar ...
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/287415342.pdf
implies competition of the growth of columnar grains ... vidual high angle boundaries form under the indenter ... Note that we did not detect.
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46 Fundamentals of Metal Casting - IIE
https://iieiug.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/6/26362706/50576-ch10.pdf
Also, equiaxed grains become finer as the pouring temperature decreases. ... However, some ice cubes are tubular in shape and do not have noticeable air.
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47 Grain Structure Identification and Casting Parameters of ...
https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1002/ML100252084.pdf
The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily ... It was concluded that columnar grains and banding (layers of significantly ...
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48 experimental study of columnar to equiaxed - METAL 2013
http://metal2013.tanger.cz/files/proceedings/metal_09/Lists/Papers/064.pdf
On the other hand, the equiaxed grains nucleate heterogeneously in ... supplied in the form of vacuum arc remelted cylindrical ingot with a diameter of.
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49 Level 15 - 10 - FUNDAMENTALS OF METAL CASTING
https://app.memrise.com/course/386911/fundamentals-of-manufacturing/15/
A PROCESS OF POURING MOLTEN MATERIAL INTO A FORM - engine blocks, parts of heavy machinery, ... and long, course, columnar grains inside (dendrites).
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50 mesoscale simulations of microstructure and texture evolution ...
https://technicalreports.ornl.gov/cppr/y2001/pres/111209.pdf
deformations of columnar grains present in solidification microstructures ... to the loading axis on the resulting changes in grain shape and orientation.
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51 Numerical and experimental research on solidification of T2 ...
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/htmp-2022-0012/html?lang=en
The dominant grains mainly grew along the 〈001〉 orientation into columnar crystals, and the rest grains that grew out of alignment were ...
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52 Prediction of Columnar to Equiaxed Transition during ...
http://user.engineering.uiowa.edu/~becker/documents.dir/cet94.pdf
Here, it should be men- tioned again that the present analysis does not consider convection. In general, dendrite fragmentation and grain multiplication owing ...
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53 Formation mechanism of coarse columnar γ grains in as-cast ...
https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/45645/1/AM59-9_3334-3342.pdf
columnar γ grains (FCGs) always form ahead of the CCG region. ... does not occur but the change from the FCG to CCG structure is discontinuous. The.
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54 Solidification - Nondestructive Evaluation Physics : Materials
https://www.nde-ed.org/Physics/Materials/Structure/solidification.xhtml
a) Nucleation of crystals, b) crystal growth, c) irregular grains form as crystals grow together, d) grain boundaries as seen in a microscope.
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55 Crystallite - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallite
A crystallite is a small or even microscopic crystal which forms, for example, during the cooling of many materials. Crystallites are also referred to as grains. ... grain boundaries were eliminated by producing columnar grain structures ...
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56 Grain Refinement Mechanisms During 3D Printing of Alloys
https://www.azom.com/news.aspx?newsID=57542
This process often sees the new layer growing epitaxially from the existing grains, leading to the growth of columnar grains which may even span ...
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57 Effect of Melting Interruption on Composition and ...
https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2020/17/matecconf_ti2019_10008.pdf
distribution of elements in equiaxed grains of the melting interruption ... does not cuase significant change of the shape of the columnar grain and the.
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58 Influence of Grain Size and Shape on Mechanical Properties ...
https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/90244/2018-144-Saunders.pdf?sequence=2
METAL AM MATERIALS ... The columnar grains can vary greatly in size and shape throughout the microstructure, which can significantly affect the mechanical ...
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59 Grain refinement of high alloy stainless steels in sand and ...
https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8793&context=masters_theses
These reactions listed do not include the multitude of other potential oxides, sulfides, and nitrides that may form within the stainless steel ...
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60 What is equiaxed grains? Explained by FAQ Blog
https://faq-blog.com/what-is-equiaxed-grains
Why are columnar grains formed? ... Small equiaxed grains (chill crystals) form at this stage. Latent crystallization heat, liberating from the ...
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61 Electrochemical Parameters of Equiaxed and Columnar Grain ...
http://www.electrochemsci.org/papers/vol6/6051522.pdf
It is well-known that the grain structure of a casting may take many forms during solidification, being characterized by both the ...
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62 Columnar grain-driven plasticity and cracking in nanotwinned ...
https://www.uvm.edu/~fsansoz/Articles/2021-AM-Fang-Sansoz.pdf
tured columnar grains [26–28]. Interestingly, a new mode II slip. – a jog dislocation with necklace-like shape that expands across.
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63 Origins of Texture - DoITPoMS
https://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/crystallographic_texture/texture_origin.php
Directional solidification leads to texture when columnar grains grow in a ... If the axis along which force is applied is constrained, so that it does not ...
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64 Epitaxial Grain Growth During Surface Modification of Friction ...
https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/26809803/POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS.PDF
This caused a thin coarse grained solidified layer to form over the parent ... of the Zr containing alloys, a very fine columnar grain structure was found ...
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65 ASTM Committee E-4 and Grain Size Measurements
https://www.metallography.com/grain.htm
While this shape meets most grain criteria, it does not satisfy the required 120 degree dihedral angles between grains where three adjacent grains meet at an ...
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66 Ice Grain Structure - IDNIYRA
https://www.idniyra.org/old/articles/ice_grain.htm
How ice forms in the Fall has a lot to do with how it behaves in an advanced thaw condition in the Spring. The following article reviews how water ice forms ...
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67 Grain structure control during metal 3D printing by high ...
https://europepmc.org/article/pmc/pmc6952421
Additive manufacturing (AM) of metals, also known as metal 3D printing, typically leads to the formation of columnar grain structures along ...
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68 Understanding solidification and nucleation in aluminum alloys
https://www.elementum3d.com/white-papers/understanding-solidification-and-nucleation-in-aluminum-alloys/
This process refers to the nucleation and growth of the crystalline lattice grains that make up the solid structure. Many factors affect this phenomenon ...
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69 Effect of Step Change in Growth Speed During Directional ...
https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1753&context=etdarchive
columnar dendrites during growth in a positive thermal gradient….……….3. (a) Equiaxed grains. (b) Columnar grains. 3. Typical directional solidification ...
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70 HOMEWORK 2.
http://faculty.olin.edu/~jstolk/matsci/Homework/Mat%20Sci%20Homework%202%20solutions%20SP2015.pdf
Would you expect Al2O3 or aluminum to have a higher coefficient of thermal ... same or similar directions (called “columnar” orientation of grains), ...
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71 Columnar to equiaxed transition in Al-Mg(-Sc)-Zr alloys ...
https://typeset.io/papers/columnar-to-equiaxed-transition-in-al-mg-sc-zr-alloys-22p627j4uv
While 75% of the grains in the vertical sample were columnar, by changing the direction to horizontal, 49% of the grains evolved with columnar shape and 51% of ...
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72 Mesoscopic modeling of spacing and grain selection in ...
https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-01709176/document
This is reproduced iden- tically by both models. We can see that the mesoscopic model represents the columnar structure by a “wavy” shape of the ...
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73 Microstructural Identification - Materials & Manufacturing Option
http://mat_manf.tripod.com/426/lab2.htm
The impurities and the other alloying elements refine the grains during the nucleation process. These foreign particles form what is called nucleation sites, ...
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74 What Are Crystals and Grains?
https://msestudent.com/what-are-crystals-and-grains/
Columnar grains are created by slowly changing the temperature gradient so that an initial set of polycrystalline grains forms, but then the liquid on top of ...
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75 Microstructure and Properties of Cast Ingots of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu ...
https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA432191.pdf
It should be noticed that the twinned columnar grain microstructure is generally observed in aluminum alloy ingots, which are cast without grain refiners [2 ...
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76 Solidification of material - SlideShare
https://www.slideshare.net/RakeshSingh125/solidification-of-material
In case of alloys, the solidification does not take place at a ... gradient. columnar grains grow perpendicular to the mold surface; 48.
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77 Additive Manufacturing of NASA HR-1 Material for Liquid ...
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20200001007/downloads/20200001007.pdf
additive manufacturing (AM) have made this material an attractive option ... As expected, columnar grains form in the as built, but the grains that form in.
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78 CHAPTER 4 ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND BONDING
http://web.nuu.edu.tw/~hsuch/download/material_science_cht04%20and%20cht08.pdf
4.5 During solidification, how does the degree of undercooling affect the critical ... 4.12 Distinguish between equiaxed and columnar grains in a solidified ...
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79 Effect of Laser Rescanning on the Grain Microstructure of a ...
https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/empa/islandora/object/empa%3A16925/datastream/PDF2/Griffiths-2018-Effect_of_laser_rescanning_on-%28accepted_version%29.pdf
In particular, powder-bed-based AM in the form of Electron ... The AM microstructure typically consists of columnar grains oriented in the build direction,.
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80 Do rotating magnetic fields unconditionally lead to grain ...
https://www.hzdr.de/publications/PublDoc-12497.pdf
This force is necessary to move the fragments into the area directly in front of the columnar dendrite tips, where they can form equiaxed grains. Since this ...
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81 Ultrasonic Characterization of Cast Austenitic Stainless Steel ...
https://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-18912.pdf
Some ultrasonic techniques are found to perform better for particular ... specimens that are representative of the columnar and equiaxed grain structure (as ...
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82 Acta Metall Sin - 金属学报
https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2014.00573
The interaction between the Goss and cube columnar grains is not strong. For the multi-columnar grains with different orientations, the grain boundaries between ...
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83 Effects of precipitated phase and order degree on bending ...
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-materials-research/article/effects-of-precipitated-phase-and-order-degree-on-bending-properties-of-an-fe65-wtsi-alloy-with-columnar-grains/7742A7D77A4F817B0934C575D47B399B
This improvement is mainly attributed to the columnar grains with less ... 770 °C. The two-phase field of B2 + DO3 occurs in this alloy at temperature below ...
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84 The influence of Austenite grain size on hot ductility of steels
https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1166&context=theses
contributed more to reduced ductility at high temperature than did cast structure, ... The very large columnar shaped grains that can form in alloys of.
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85 Modelling mixed columnar-equiaxed solidification with melt ...
https://www.unileoben.ac.at/fileadmin/shares/unileoben/smmp/docs/J82._Wu_M.__Ludwig_A.__Fjeld_A._Comp._Mater._Sci._50__2010__43-58..pdf
shape factor of equiaxed dendritic grain (1). Ue sph sphericity of equiaxed grain ... the columnar tip front would exhaust the driving force (supersat-.
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86 Promoted columnar grain structure in bilayer FePt:C/FePt:B films
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/7128764/7156490/07156680.pdf
segregation forms on the top of FePt grains, leading to a second layer of FePt grains with (111) orientation . Columnar grains with elongated shape along ...
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87 The importance of grain size in jewelry alloys and its control
http://jtf.it/en-us/memories/all-memories/13-2020/40-the-importance-of-grain-size-in-jewelry-alloys-and-its-control
There are a number of ways grain size (and shape) can be controlled in precious ... on the crystal lattices of adjacent grains do not match across together, ...
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88 Columnar grains - Big Chemical Encyclopedia
https://chempedia.info/info/columnar_grains/
Why is it undesirable to have a columnar grain structure in castings Why is ... Contraction cavities do not form because the mould is continuously topped up ...
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89 How are equiaxed grains formed? - MovieCultists.com
https://moviecultists.com/how-are-equiaxed-grains-formed
Equiaxed grains start to form from the fragments in front of the columnar zone. Initially the equiaxed grains are small and move along with the liquid. At.
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90 With new heat treatment, 3D-printed metals can withstand ...
https://indiaeducationdiary.in/massachusetts-institute-of-technology-with-new-heat-treatment-3d-printed-metals-can-withstand-extreme-conditions/
“In practice, this would mean a gas turbine would have a shorter life ... the as-printed material's fine grains into much larger “columnar” ...
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91 Epithelium: What It Is, Function & Types - Cleveland Clinic
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22062-epithelium
The epithelium is a type of body tissue that forms the covering on all ... Columnar epithelium: Columnar epithelial cells are column-like in ...
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92 Metal processing
https://depts.washington.edu/matseed/mse_resources/Webpage/Metals/metalprocessing.htm
Grains in metals tend to grow larger as the metal is heated. A grain can grow larger by atoms migrating from another grain that may eventually disappear.
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93 15.pdf - imim.pl
http://www.imim.pl/files/archiwum/Vol1_2021/15.pdf
Meanwhile, the growth direction of columnar grains in the edge of alloys deviates from the direc- tion of continuous casting to form “V” shape.
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94 Observation of a uniaxial ferroelectric smectic A phase - PNAS
https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2210062119
The smectic AF is a phase of small polar, rod-shaped molecules that form two-dimensional fluid layers spaced by approximately the mean molecular length.
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95 It's great to have some beautiful evergreen trees in containers
https://vancouversun.com/homes/gardening/brian-minter-its-great-to-have-some-beautiful-evergreen-trees-in-containers
Picea glauca North Pole has a unique narrow, columnar form. ... so adding a small feeder with suet inside would be a great way of attracting ...
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